See -ere in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "-eare"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "-ere"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-ere<id:agent suffix>",
"id": "agent suffix"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "ang",
"3": "-ere",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -ere",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ere"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English -ere",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
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"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ārī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ārī",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ārijaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
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},
"expansion": "Latin -ārius",
"name": "der"
},
{
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"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
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},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
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"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-wari"
},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-warjaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-warjaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -ere, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, usually held to be from Latin -ārius, though Gąsiorowski instead suggests a native origin.\nThe demonymic sense may continue Old English -ware, from Proto-West Germanic *-wari, from Proto-Germanic *-warjaz, though a semantic extension of the agentive sense is perhaps more likely given the lack of demonstrable continuity between Old English formations in -ware and this suffix.",
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{
"form": "-ar",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-are",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
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"tags": [
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]
}
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"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
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"name": "head"
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"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 5 1 5 1 5 1 7 21 9 19 19 2 2 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 11 entries",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "2 5 0 6 1 6 1 6 22 9 20 20 1 1 0",
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"parents": [],
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},
{
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"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "71 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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"Forms agent nouns from other nouns or verbs, especially occupational; -er"
],
"id": "en--ere-enm-suffix-enm:agentive",
"links": [
[
"-er",
"-er#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
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],
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Late Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "25 15 24 24 5 5 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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"Forms nouns denoting a inhabitant or resident of a location; -er"
],
"id": "en--ere-enm-suffix-enm:demonymic",
"links": [
[
"-er",
"-er#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Late Middle English, rare) Forms nouns denoting a inhabitant or resident of a location; -er"
],
"senseid": [
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],
"tags": [
"Late-Middle-English",
"morpheme",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ər(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-ˌɛ̞ːr(ə)/",
"note": "with secondary stress"
}
],
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}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-er"
}
],
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"word": "-ar"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-er"
}
],
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"word": "-ir"
}
],
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"args": {
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"2": "comparative"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
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"2": "ang",
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"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "ang",
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},
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"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
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"3": "*-iʀō"
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"name": "inh"
},
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"2": "gem-pro",
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},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōzô"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōzô",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -ra, from Proto-West Germanic *-iʀō, *-ōʀō, from Proto-Germanic *-izô or Proto-Germanic *-ōzô; related to superlative -est.\nThe change from -ra to -ere is probably due to analogy with apocopated forms of this suffix with an anaptyctic vowel (i.e. -er).",
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{
"form": "-er",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ore",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-re",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
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"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
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"name": "head"
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{
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{
"_dis": "3 5 1 5 1 5 1 7 21 9 19 19 2 2 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 11 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
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"_dis": "2 5 0 6 1 6 1 6 22 9 20 20 1 1 0",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
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"_dis": "25 15 24 24 5 5 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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"Used to form the comparative degree of adjectives; more, -er."
],
"id": "en--ere-enm-suffix-enm:adjectival_comparative",
"links": [
[
"more",
"more#English"
],
[
"-er",
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"senseid": [
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"tags": [
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]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 5 1 5 1 5 1 7 21 9 19 19 2 2 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 11 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 5 0 6 1 6 1 6 22 9 20 20 1 1 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 15 24 24 5 5 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the comparative degree of adverbs; more, -er."
],
"id": "en--ere-enm-suffix-enm:adverbial_comparative",
"links": [
[
"more",
"more#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
]
],
"senseid": [
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],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/-ər(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-rə/"
}
],
"word": "-ere"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
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{
"args": {
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"2": "suffix",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "-ere",
"name": "head"
}
],
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"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
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{
"extra": "agentive suffix",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"glosses": [
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],
"id": "en--ere-enm-suffix-62YsH27X",
"links": [
[
"-er",
"-er#Middle_English:_agentive"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ere"
}
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"2": "suffix",
"altform": "1"
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"name": "head"
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"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
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{
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{
"extra": "plural suffix",
"word": "-re"
}
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"links": [
[
"-re",
"-re#Middle_English:_plural"
]
],
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"alternative",
"morpheme"
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}
],
"word": "-ere"
}
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"2": "suffix",
"altform": "1"
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"pos": "suffix",
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"word": "-eren"
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],
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],
"id": "en--ere-enm-suffix-34vRSdVb",
"links": [
[
"-eren",
"-eren#Middle_English"
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],
"tags": [
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"alternative",
"morpheme"
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}
],
"word": "-ere"
}
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"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English noun-forming suffixes",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "-eare"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "-ere"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "-er"
}
],
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"args": {
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"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-ere<id:agent suffix>",
"id": "agent suffix"
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"expansion": "",
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{
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"2": "i",
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{
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"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
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{
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"2": "ang",
"3": "-ere",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -ere",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ere"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English -ere",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
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"2": "gmw-pro",
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},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
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"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ārijaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ārius"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ārius",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ware"
},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
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"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-wari"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-wari",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-warjaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-warjaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -ere, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, usually held to be from Latin -ārius, though Gąsiorowski instead suggests a native origin.\nThe demonymic sense may continue Old English -ware, from Proto-West Germanic *-wari, from Proto-Germanic *-warjaz, though a semantic extension of the agentive sense is perhaps more likely given the lack of demonstrable continuity between Old English formations in -ware and this suffix.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ar",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-are",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-er",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
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"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
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"expansion": "-ere",
"name": "head"
}
],
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{
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],
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],
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],
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},
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],
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],
"links": [
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"-er#English"
]
],
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],
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],
"tags": [
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"morpheme",
"rare"
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/-ər(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-ˌɛ̞ːr(ə)/",
"note": "with secondary stress"
}
],
"word": "-ere"
}
{
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"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English inflectional suffixes",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-ir"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
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"args": {
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"2": "comparative"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
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"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
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{
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"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ra"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English -ra",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
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"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-iʀō"
},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-izô"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-izô",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōzô"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōzô",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -ra, from Proto-West Germanic *-iʀō, *-ōʀō, from Proto-Germanic *-izô or Proto-Germanic *-ōzô; related to superlative -est.\nThe change from -ra to -ere is probably due to analogy with apocopated forms of this suffix with an anaptyctic vowel (i.e. -er).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-er",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ore",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-re",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
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"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ere",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the comparative degree of adjectives; more, -er."
],
"links": [
[
"more",
"more#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adjectival comparative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the comparative degree of adverbs; more, -er."
],
"links": [
[
"more",
"more#English"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#English:_comparative"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adverbial comparative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ər(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-rə/"
}
],
"word": "-ere"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "-ere",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "agentive suffix",
"word": "-er"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -er (agentive suffix)"
],
"links": [
[
"-er",
"-er#Middle_English:_agentive"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ere"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "-ere",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "plural suffix",
"word": "-re"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -re (plural suffix)"
],
"links": [
[
"-re",
"-re#Middle_English:_plural"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ere"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "-ere",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-eren"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -eren"
],
"links": [
[
"-eren",
"-eren#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ere"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ere meaning in Middle English (8.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-20 using wiktextract (cdfa371 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.